Glassblowing: a traditional art on the verge of extinction

Glassblowing is one of the oldest and most valuable traditional arts in the world. Beyond its industrial applications, it has played a significant role in shaping cultural identity and artistic heritage in various societies. In Afghanistan, particularly in Herat, traditional glassblowing has long been a vital part of the handicrafts industry, contributing to the local economy and cultural tourism for centuries. Once a thriving attraction, especially in the traditional markets near the Grand Mosque of Old Herat, the art of glassblowing has seen a steady decline in production and the number of artisans involved.

The golden era of glassblowing in Herat dates back to the Timurid period when artisans crafted beautifully colored and intricately designed glassware using natural minerals. These exquisite pieces were exported to different parts of the world. Despite experiencing fluctuations due to historical and political changes, the industry saw a revival during the reign of King Mohammad Zahir Shah. However, with the onset of internal conflicts, the craft gradually deteriorated.

According to artisans, several factors have contributed to this decline, including the rise of industrial glass production, decreasing demand for handmade products, lack of government support, and economic instability. Additionally, the absence of young apprentices has made it increasingly difficult to sustain the profession, as many are discouraged by the lack of financial incentives and proper training facilities.

Today, among all the glassblowers who once practiced in Herat, only one remains: Khalifa Ghulam Sakhi. A well-known name among Afghan artisans, he once operated a glassblowing kiln in the Bagh Dasht area. Now, he continues his work at the historic Qala-e Ikhtyaruddin (Herat Citadel), serving as the last practitioner of this ancient craft. Khalifa Ghulam Sakhi began learning the art at the age of seven and, over the years, became one of its master craftsmen. At fifty years old, he still works tirelessly, melting and recycling broken glass to create decorative items, vases, and glassware in an effort to preserve this fading tradition.

Despite the challenges, Khalifa Ghulam Sakhi remains committed to keeping this ancient craft alive. Without urgent support and efforts to train new artisans, however, glassblowing in Herat risks becoming a lost art, remembered only in history books and museum displays.